Tinjauan literatur identifikasi dan mitigasi risiko pekerjaan timbunan pada konstruksi jalan

Earth embankment works are a critical stage in road construction projects and are characterized by high levels of uncertainty due to the interaction of geotechnical conditions, construction methods, operational practices, and external factors. Inadequate control of embankment works may lead to slope instability, excessive settlement, construction delays, and occupational accidents, ultimately affecting road performance and sustainability. This study aims to systematically identify and synthesize potential risks associated with road embankment works through a literature review of scientific publications from 2015 to 2025. Relevant journal articles, conference proceedings, and books were collected from major scientific databases and analyzed qualitatively. Identified risks were classified into four main categories: technical and geotechnical risks, operational risks, occupational health and safety (OHS) risks, and external risks. The results indicate that slope failure and excessive settlement are the most dominant technical risks, while operational issues such as material supply delays and equipment productivity act as risk amplifiers. OHS risks are largely consequential, arising from inadequate control of technical and operational risks, whereas external factors such as extreme rainfall and social constraints serve as triggering factors. Based on the synthesis, a risk identification matrix and a layered mitigation strategy were developed to illustrate the interaction between risks and corresponding mitigation measures. The proposed framework provides a structured basis for risk-based decision-making in road embankment works and may support the development of more effective risk management practices in road infrastructure projects.